+18 əjdaha
5. amerikanin isini bildiyini gosteren test. azerbaycanda eslinde hamimiz terefinden yanlis anlasilib bu imtahan; ici men qarisiq eger bu imtahana hazirlasmaq kimi bir niyyetimiz olsa derhal gedib ingilis dili kursuna ardinca ise sat kurslarina yaziliriq. sonra hemin kurslarda bize imtahanin strategiyalari, suallarin oxsar formalari ezberledilir .(bu imtahani bele ezbere getire bilirik) praktik testler, gece-gunduz yeni sozler ezberlemek, terminler kitabi alib sehere qeder oxumaq ve s. halbuki anlamadigimiz bir noqte var;bu imtahan amerikada mekteb mezunlarindan goturulur. yeni bu imtahan amerika mekteblilerinden universitete girmek ucun teleb olunur. amerika telebeleri ingilis dilini bilmir ? bilir. senden, menden lap ele bizim en qocaman ingilis dili muelliminden daha yaxsi bilir. yoxsa amerika telebeleri sat'de olan riyaziyyat suallarini bilmir ? bilirler. elbet ki onlarda inteqral, toreme ve s. bizden daha cox oyrenibler high school zamani. bes bu sat niye bizim ingilis diline gedib oyrendiyimiz ancaq amerikalilarin dogma dili olan ingilis dilinde passageler verir ? amerikan usaqlari niye bu imtahandan qorxurlar ?
cunki sat ingilis dili imtahani ya da riyaziyyat imtahani deyil. sat ucun lap ingilis dilini mukemmel bil bu o demek deyil ki ugurlu olacayiq. ya da eynile riyaziyyat. sat ciddi menada usagin bazasini, oxudugu seyleri ve tehlil etme bacarigini yoxlayir. dedik axi 'critical reading'
bizimkiler oturub gece-gunduz soz ezberleyir duzdu ? ancaq mektebde adam kimi elm oyrenseydiler soz ezberlemeye ehtiyac qalmazdi. cunki bu termin dedikleri biologiya, fizika, kimya ve s. populyar elm kitablari, mekteb kitablarinda olan sozlerdi. sat usagin ne qeder hevesli oldugunu, bu sahelerde ne qeder calisdigini test edir. meselen senin tqdk kimi 11 illik materiali iki ile ezberleyib biologiyadan 25 dene yazmagin sat da kecmir. sat de tekamul ile bagli passage olanda agzi aciq imtahan salonunun damina baxirsan.
passage demisken; adamlar burda daha cox hormet edilesi is gorubler. tenqidi dusunme. bir passage verir ki bu ekseren elmi kitablardan, dersliklerden, bedii edebiyyatdan alinma yazilar olur. altda ise suallar verir. gorek lap bele bir passage ne vaxtsa oxumusan oxumusan ok, bes bu yazi haqqinda hec dusune bilmisenmi? hec sogulaya, tenqid ede bilmisenmi? numune verim:
internetde axtarandan sonra 2014-15 praktik testini tapdim. bele bir passage var;
calling it a cover-up would be far too dramatic. but for
more than half a century—even in the midst of some of
the greatest scientific achievements in history—physicists
have been quietly aware of a dark cloud looming on a
5 distant horizon. the problem is this: there are two
foundational pillars upon which modern physics rests.
one is general relativity, which provides a theoretical
framework for understanding the universe on the largest
of scales: stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and beyond
10 to the immense expanse of the universe itself. the other
is quantum mechanics, which provides a theoretical
framework for understanding the universe on the smallest
of scales: molecules, atoms, and all the way down to
subatomic particles like electrons and quarks. through
15 years of research, physicists have experimentally confirmed
to almost unimaginable accuracy virtually all predictions
made by each of these theories. but these same theoretical
tools inexorably lead to another disturbing conclusion:
as they are currently formulated, general relativity and
20 quantum mechanics cannot both be right. the two theories
underlying the tremendous progress of physics during
the last hundred years—progress that has explained the
expansion of the heavens and the fundamental structure
of matter—are mutually incompatible.
25 if you have not heard previously about this ferocious
antagonism, you may be wondering why. the answer is
not hard to come by. in all but the most extreme situations,
physicists study things that are either small and light (like
atoms and their constituents) or things that are huge and
30 heavy (like stars and galaxies), but not both. this means
that they need use only quantum mechanics or only general
relativity and can, with a furtive glance, shrug off the barking
admonition of the other. for 50 years this approach
has not been quite as blissful as ignorance, but it has been
35 pretty close.
but the universe can be extreme. in the central depths of
a black hole, an enormous mass is crushed to a minuscule
size. according to the big bang theory, the whole of the
universe erupted from a microscopic nugget whose size
40 makes a grain of sand look colossal. these are realms that
are tiny and yet incredibly massive, therefore requiring
that both quantum mechanics and general relativity simultaneously
be brought to bear. the equations of general
relativity and quantum mechanics, when combined, begin
45 to shake, rattle, and gush with steam like a decrepit automobile.
put less figuratively, well-posed physical questions
elicit nonsensical answers from the unhappy amalgam of
these two theories. even if you are willing to keep the
deep interior of a black hole and the beginning of the
50 universe shrouded in mystery, you can’t help feeling that
the hostility between quantum mechanics and general
relativity cries out for a deeper level of understanding.
can it really be that the universe at its most fundamental
level is divided, requiring one set of laws when things are
55 large and a different, incompatible set when things are
small?
superstring theory, a young upstart compared with the
venerable edifices of quantum mechanics and general
relativity, answers with a resounding no. intense research
60 over the past decade by physicists and mathematicians
around the world has revealed that this new approach to
describing matter at its most fundamental level resolves
the tension between general relativity and quantum
mechanics. in fact, superstring theory shows more:
65 within this new framework, general relativity and
quantum mechanics require one another for the theory
to make sense. according to superstring theory, the
marriage of the laws of the large and the small is not
only happy but inevitable. superstring theory has the
70 potential to show that all of the wondrous happenings
in the universe—from the frantic dance of subatomic
quarks to the stately waltz of orbiting binary stars—are
reflections of one grand physical principle, one master
equation.
gorursuz ? umumi nisbilik haqqindadi. indi amerikan telebesi ya da ele her kimse bu nezeriyye haqqinda, muasir fizika haqqinda hec olmasa iki kitab oxuyubsa hec suallara baxmadan cavablari gorecek.
suallara baxaq;
17. the “dark cloud” mentioned in line 4 refers to an
(a) atypical diagnosis
(b) unsupported hypothesis
(c) unknown threat
(d) evil influence
(e) important contradiction
18. which pairing best represents the different models
of the universe presented in lines 7-14 ?
(a) big and little
(b) old and new
(c) complex and simple
(d) verified and undocumented
(e) theoretical and practical
19. the author’s use of italics in line 20 serves primarily to
(a) draw attention to a commonly known hypothesis
(b) stress a speculative aspect of two theories
(c) support a difficult claim
(d) underscore a surprising point
(e) emphasize an area of agreement
20. the author uses the “automobile” (lines 45-46) to
represent equations that
(a) demand a professional’s attention
(b) are intrinsically unreliable
(c) do not work together effectively
(d) can be easily adjusted if necessary
(e) are based on dated mathematics
21. which of the following, if available, would best
refute the author’s assertion about the “young upstart”
(line 57) ?
(a) evidence that certain kinds of particles in nature
exceed the speed of light
(b) confirmation of conditions that existed in the
earliest stages of the big bang
(c) speculation that the deep interior of a black hole
is not as dense as scientists have believed
(d) mathematical formulas that link general relativity
and quantum mechanics in the same realm
(e) proof that the laws governing the universe depend
on the size of the system being studied
22. the primary reason described for the usefulness of the
theory mentioned in line 57 is its ability to
(a) explain new phenomena
(b) replace the theory of general relativity
(c) reinforce the predictions of quantum mechanics
(d) indicate where other theories are inapplicable
(e) reconcile two seemingly contradictory theories
23. those who hold the “conclusion” referred to in line 18
would most likely believe that the “marriage” (line 68)
was an
(a) inevitable result of their research
(b) unjustifiable elevation of their hypotheses
(c) inadvisable use of research funds
(d) unfortunate consequence
(e) impossible outcome
24. the author uses dance imagery in lines 71-72 in order to
(a) suggest a similarity between the study of science
and the study of dance
(b) highlight the extremes found in the physical
world
(c) emphasize the different ways that binary stars
move
(d) illustrate the intricacy of the subatomic world
of quarks
(e) suggest the cohesive nature of both science and
dance
men ingilis dilini pre-intermediate seviyyede bilen adamam. seviyye bele demeyek. yeni gotdu-basdi ingilis dili bilmirem. amma butun suallarin cavablarini bilirem; (ingilis dili bilmediyimi nezerde saxlayin. iki-uc soz ile elaqelendirib cavabi tapmaq olar eger movzu haqqinda xeberin varsa) baslayaq;
17: cavab e. niye gore? qara bulud yada her neyse. orda `dark` gorduyun anda ve bir passage de hem umumi nisbilik, hem de kvant mexanikasi islenilibse bilki muasir fizikanin basinin ustunu alan qara buludlardan danisilir. passagede evvelce problem aciqlanacaq sonra ise problemin hazirki ola bilecek helli sonra ise bu hellin qarsilaqsidi problemler. neceki ikinci hisseye baxanda orda 'superstring' sozu gordum. variantlara tek-tek baxaq; atipik diaqnoz. eger kvant mexanikasi ve umumi nisbilikden danisilirsa ve son passagede superstring varsa atipik diaqnoz niye ? adamlar muasir fizikanin probleminden danisir. kecdik. ikinci variant: desteklenmeyen hipotez. bunu umumiyyetle siktir et. iki fizika div nezeriyyesinin oldugu yerde hipotez nedi ? (superstringe hipotez dese her neyse) ucuncu: bilinmeyen bir tehluke (yeqin ki fizika ucun demek isteyir). bunuda siktir et. bilinmeyen olan sey master nezeriyyemizin olmamasidi. problem ortadadir yeni bilinendir. dorduncu varianta kecek. pis tesir. mesele dramatikdi amma her iki nezeriyyeyle ve gelecek inkisafla bagli nese pis tesiri yoxdur master nezeriyyesinin olmamasi. daha cox eksiklik var neinki pis. ve dogru cavab e: ehemiyyetli ziddiyet.
duz cavab budur. niye ? cunki burda fizikanin basi ustunde gezen qara buludlar kvant mexanikasi ve umumi nisbilik arasinda olan ehemiyyetli ziddiyetlerdir. ziddiyet gorduyun an eger her iki nezeriyeye beledsense cavabi secersen.
kecen ikinci suala; cavab a. en asan sualdir; 7-14 arasi hem kvant hem de umumi nisbilik izah olunursa ve biri kiciklerin digeri ise boyuklerin dunyasini izah edirse elbet ki cavab `big and little` olacaq.
kecek ucuncu suala: italik yazilmis yere baxaq. her iki nezeriyyenin qeribe bir sekilde (tebii ki kvant mexanikasi dogandan sonra bu belli oldu) eyni seyleri aciqlaya bilmemesi tesvir olunur. her ikisi cox ehemiyyetlidir ancaq hec biri eyni seyleri deqiq aciqlaya bilmir. adam bu sualda b ni secmek isteyir duzdu ? her iki nezeriyyenin problemlerinden danisir her halda. burda fikrimce passage ve suali yazanlar usagi casdirmaqa calisirlar; o hissede movzu her iki nezeriyyenin problemlerini izah edir ok. amma italik ile gosterilmis yerde bayaq dediyim kimi her iki nezeriyyenin eyni kainati aciqladigi ancaq teeccublu bir sekilde bunu bacarmadiqlari vurgulanmaqa calisilib. variantlardan hansi buna uygundur ? tebii ki d.
kecek novbetilere. line 20`de automobil sozune baxaq. umumu nisbiliyin ve kvant mexanikasi tenliklerinin kombine edilmesinden (birlesdirilmesinden) danisilir. ok. cavab c olacaq. aciq aydin orda dayanib cavab. yeni demek istediyi her iki nezeriyyenin bir arada bugun effektiv calismamasidir.
novbeti sual; line 57 ye baxaq. `young upstart`
burda artiq superstring nezeriyyeye kecis edir. problemin helli olmaga namized `genc` nezeriyye. burda texte baxmadan cavabi tapmaq olar;
ilk variantda tamam elaqesiz bir sey yazilib. yeni ortaya qoyulan problemin isiq sureti ile hereket eden kutlesiz zerreciklere ve s. ciddi elaqesi yoxdur. kecek. big bangin ilk anlarini (plank zamani ve ondan daha evvelini) anlamaq niyyeti var superstringin ok ancaq burda behs olunan daha cox genc nezeriyyenin nece kvant mexanikasini ve umumi nisbiliyi kombine etmesidir. nece kombine edir ? maddenin daha dibine gederek, zerreciklerden daha asagidiya, sicimlere dogru. demeli mesele harda imis? sistemin boyukluyune diqqet yetirmemeyimizde. daha asagi endikce ve daha kiciklere baxdiqca sistemi qavraya bilirik, kainati idare eden quvvelerin sistemin boyukluyu ile elaqeli oldugunu basa dusuruk. bunu eynen ed wittenin musahibesinden aliblar. baxmaq ucun bu sayti ziyaret edin: superstring.com - ed witten interwiev.
ve cavab e.
22 ci sualda yene eyni hissede yene eyni mentiq isleyir; superstringden danisir. e seherden bir-birine qovusmayan iki nezeriyyeden danisiriq. superstring bunlari ne edib ? qovusdurub. demeli hemin yerde ne yeni fenomen ortaya atila biler (zaten fenomeni hell etmisik. izah ya da yeni fenomen ortaya atmamisiq) ne umumi nisbilik nezeriyyesi deyismeyib (b variantinda bu deyilir. halbuki nezeriyyede hec bir deyisiklik olmayib) ne de kvant mexanikasina aid yeni texmin verilmeyib (superstring bele bir texmin vermeyib. eksinedir eslinde) cavab elbette ki e varianti. superstring her iki ziddiyetli nezeriyyeni birlesdirib.
novbeti suali fikirlesdim ancaq cavab tapa bilmedim. tapan olsa qirmizilandirar -*
son sual ise; 71-72 de dans (reqs) sozunu nezerde tutaraq eslinde kvarklarin (en elementar zerrecik) eslinde reqs eden sicimlerden (titreyen) ibaret oldugu ve bunun kicikden boyuyu butun kainatin esasini teskil etdiyini demek isteyir. yeni burda ne reqs ve fizika tehsili arasinda bag qurmur, ne ulduzlarin hereketi haqqinda nese demir, ne subatomik kvarklari tesvir etmir (eslinde coxu bu varianti sece biler. ancaq diqqetlice baxanda movzuda kvarklari yox onlari ve belelikle butun kainati teskil eden superstringleri tesvir edirler), ne de elmin tebietini oyrenmek haqqinda nese demir. cavab b.
bu qeder. cox guman ki bizim yuksek balli tqdk, lys ve s. ezbere imtahan usaqlari bu suallari cavablandirmayacaqdi. cunki tehsil sistemimiz bize bunu oyredir; dusunme, ezberle, ezberle. hetta ezberlemek ucun kitablar bele cixarirlar. al bu suallari ezberle deye. cavablandiranlar ve sat de yuksek bal toplayanlarda barronsdan sual ezberleyerek bunu edir ya da gece-gunduz termin ezberleyerek. sene mektebde kvark nedir oyretseler bunu termin deyib ezberlemeyine ehtiyac qalmaz.
sat riyaziyyatina sonra toxunariq.
