In France, it was the piles of wheelie bins stacked up against school entrances that first hinted at the scale of student anger over crumbling classrooms and teacher shortages. In Spain, it was a tent camp that steadily grew in the heart of the capital as residents railed against soaring housing costs. Similar scenes have since sprung up in Belgium, Italy and Portugal, and clashes have convulsed Albania’s capital of Tirana, hinting at an autumn of protests across Europe.
Much of the news coverage in recent days has focused on the violence that played out on the fringes of the protests in France and Italy. The protests themselves, however, point to what seems to be a diverse response to a common crisis: the growing perception, particularly among younger generations, that governments are unable, or unwilling, to deliver when it comes to affordable housing, social equality and robust public services. The framing stands in sharp contrast to the many rightwing and far-right voices who have sought to exploit the violence in France and Italy, linking it without evidence to migration while brushing over protesters’ wider demands.
Officials in France have dismissed any link between the violence and immigration. The country’s president, Emmanuel Macron, said on Sunday that the “unbridled violence” had been carried out by French people. Alemanno, a professor of EU law at the HEC business school in Paris, said he had received an unprecedented number of calls from right-wing, xenophobic outlets in recent days, many of them seeking to fuel the idea of the protests as some sort of “pan-European revolt”.
It is a narrative that he describes as misleading. Binet condemned the violence, but she noted that the government had little choice when it came to quelling the protests. Respond to the demands.” Albania has also been shaken by mass student demonstrations for the past week after protests initially prompted by a proposal to build a resort backed by Donald Trump’s family.
In Milan, people took to the streets to protest against the rising cost of living, giving voice to the deep inequalities that now course through a city where an estimated one in 12 people is reportedly a millionaire. In Lisbon’s Rossio Square, housing campaigners set up camp on Saturday surrounded by banners that read “homeless generation” and “I just want a home to live in” and vowing to stay on as long as possible. It was an echo of the protests that have sprung up in Porto in recent weeks as residents push back against housing prices that more than doubled between 2015 and 2024, rising roughly twice as fast as the EU average.
The managing director for Europe at the consulting firm Eurasia Group, Mujtaba Rahman, said what had burst into public view was not a single, coordinated European movement. Instead the events of recent days had laid bare a “convergence of distinct national protest movements”, each with substantially different triggers. Arancha González, the dean of the Paris School of International Affairs and a former Spanish foreign minister, went a step further when asked this month about the similarities between the housing protests in Spain and the school protests in France.
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