Mapping forms the basis for understanding the functional organization of the brain and for developing targeted interventions in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool that allows causal mapping of cortical functions involved in motor control, speech, and connectivity. Since manual mapping procedures limit standardization, we present an automated cortical mapping method that integrates electronically controlled multi-locus TMS with a Bayesian optimization algorithm for identifying stimulation targets efficiently and objectively through a closed-loop framework.
We localized individual motor representation area peaks with high accuracy (average 2.4 mm and 5° deviation from the optimum) in only approximately 4 minutes. This represents a substantial advancement over current mapping approaches, providing the means to greatly accelerate and standardize both research and clinical protocols while maintaining high reliability. We anticipate that our approach can further extend to map other cortical functions that cannot be easily analyzed online by a human operator.
This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 810377), from the European Innovation Council (EIC, grant agreement No. 101189466), and from the Wellcome Leap as part of the Multi-Channel Psych Program. Additionally, funding has been received from the Swedish Cultural Foundation (IG), the Finnish Cultural Foundation (IG, ML, IR, OPK, AMS), the Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion (IG), and the Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation (RHM, AMS). VHS received funding from the Research Council of Finland (decision No. 349985).
These authors contributed equally: Pantelis Lioumis, Tuomas P. Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland Ida Granö, Olli-Pekka Kahilakoski, Mikael Laine, Oskari Ahola, Ana M. Nieminen, Ilkka Rissanen, Heikki Sinisalo, Timo Tommila, Timo Roine, Jaakko O.
Ilmoniemi, Pantelis Lioumis & Tuomas P. Mutanen Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Olli-Pekka Kahilakoski, Miriam Kirchhoff & Oskari Ahola Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Macaíba, RN, Brazil Department of Engineering and Geology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Aalto University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland H.S., R.J.I., T.T., J.O.N., and V.H.S. are inventors on patents and/or patent applications on TMS technology. I.G., P.L., R.J.I., and V.H.S. have received consulting fees from Nexstim Plc. unrelated to this study.
TPM is employed at Nexstim Plc., and has previously worked for Bittium Plc. H.S., R.J.I., and V.H.S. are co-founders of Cortisys Ltd. All other authors declare no competing interest.
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