This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: The global push for solar energy expansion could carry hidden biodiversity costs, according to a study across China published in the journal Science on Thursday. According to the research spanning more than 2,300 Chinese counties, pro-solar policies led to reductions in bird diversity in what the authors called an example of a "green dilemma" pitting carbon reduction against conservation.
"The main message is not to slow the renewable energy transition, but to make solar development more ecologically informed," first author Huiming Zhang, of the Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, told AFP. China's goal to achieve net zero before 2060 has seen it embark on a renewables revolution. By 2024, its solar footprint reached an estimated 4,520 square kilometers (1,745 square miles)—equivalent in size to the U.S. state of Rhode Island—and solar energy is projected to constitute 45% of its energy mix by 2060.
Choosing solar locations in China isn't just based on sunny locations and available land but is shaped by "Five-Year Plans" to promote economic development in certain regions. Zhang and his colleagues exploited these variations in solar expansion policy across 2,344 counties in China from 2014 to 2023, while also accounting for national trends, weather, socioeconomic conditions, land cover and birdwatching effort. These data were paired with citizen science records to understand the impact on bird diversity.
Their findings revealed a negative trade-off, with increased policy stringency consistently associated with decreased bird biodiversity, though the effect was moderate. Using an index from 0 to 15.5 to measure the strength of solar policies, the study found that a four-point increase in policy strength was linked to a 2% decline in the Shannon index, a standard measure of species variety. Rapid land conversion was the main culprit, particularly the transformation of cropland and grassland into developed areas, with the effects stronger in wealthier and non-desert regions.
Both resident and migratory birds suffered significant declines, but species native to mountain habitats poorly suited to solar farms were unaffected. The push for solar farms was accompanied by greening efforts to satisfy environmental requirements, but the authors identified what they called "inferior greening"—where the total amount of leafiness may increase but, because it was too homogeneous, ecological quality declined. Writing in a related commentary, Yuanning Liang of Peking University said "birds serve as an effective indicator group for large-scale biodiversity assessment" because they are among the few animal groups for which abundance data over time and space are readily available.
Although the authors studied solar power, the siting problems they identified are relevant to renewable infrastructure more broadly, including wind power, she added. The research team offered a number of recommendations, including directing large solar projects toward locations with lower ecological conflict, conducting more thorough assessments of each site and limiting land conversion in productive, habitat-rich regions. "Clean energy development and biodiversity conservation do not have to come at each other's expense, but careful siting and biodiversity safeguards are essential," said Zhang.
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