This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: The scientific evidence for human-caused global warming is stronger than ever, according to a major new review—despite a U.S. government report questioning the science. The study shows that more than three decades of climate "fingerprint" research has provided overwhelming evidence that greenhouse gas emissions are driving changes throughout Earth's climate system.
It argues that the scientific basis for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's landmark 2009 Endangerment Finding—the legal determination that greenhouse gas emissions endanger public health in the U.S.—was already compelling in 2009 and has become even stronger since then. Published today in the journal Earth's Future and led by professor Benjamin Santer at the University of East Anglia (UEA) in the U.K., the review traces the history of climate fingerprint studies, a field that uses patterns and timing of climate changes to distinguish between human and natural influences on Earth's climate.
The review follows what the scientists call a "deeply flawed" July 2025 report from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), which challenged the credibility of climate fingerprinting and questioned the scientific basis for the Endangerment Finding. They say the DOE assessment fails to reflect both the weight of evidence available in 2009 and significant scientific advances made over the past 17 years.
The move to revoke the Endangerment Finding has prompted concerns about the impact on human health and on efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A further concern is that rescinding it could open the door to ending other environmental regulations in the U.S. Santer and colleagues—from UEA, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Colorado State University and the University of Edinburgh—say fingerprinting techniques have evolved to the point where human influence can now be identified throughout Earth's climate system and is "increasingly affecting the ability of societies and ecosystems to thrive." They note that in addition to advances in climate fingerprinting, global warming has also advanced: The post-2009 period included the 10 warmest years in instrumental surface temperature records, enhancing the signal of human-caused warming relative to the "noise" of natural variability.
"The climate science that's been published since the 2009 Endangerment Finding is now stronger than in 2009; the evidence is incontrovertible," said Santer, of UEA's School of Environmental Sciences. "Our review suggests that the growing body of evidence linking human activity to observed climate changes reinforces the need for policies aimed at limiting greenhouse gas emissions and addressing climate-related risks. "A different kind of 'Endangerment Finding' is that the continuation of rigorous attribution science is endangered.
It's inconvenient science for those who seek a fossil fuel–intensive future, because it connects the dots between fossil fuel burning and harms to our personal health, to the health of our planet and to the health of our societies and economies." Over more than 30 years, Santer has collaborated with colleagues around the world to identify human fingerprints in many different aspects of the climate system. His early research contributed to the historic 1995 conclusion of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: that "the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate." Discover the latest in science, tech, and space with over 100,000 subscribers who rely on Phys.org for daily insights. d research that matter—daily or weekly. This new review focused on fingerprint studies that deal with annual, decadal and seasonal changes in climate.
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