At the Pashupatinath temple, on the banks of the Bagmati River in Kathmandu, Madan Lal Lawat joined other families in honouring loved ones who were lost when a deadly flood tore through the China-Nepal border last month. In Hindu tradition, when a body cannot be recovered, a symbolic effigy is made from sacred "kusha" grass to represent the dead, allowing relatives to perform last rites. With more than 5,000 people still missing and the government ending rescue operations, this is the only way people like Lawat can honour the dead.
Five of his relatives - including his brother - were caught in the water's onslaught and are still missing. Lawat survived because he was driving his bus outside his village, Betrawati. The last Lawat heard from survivors is that his brother Mangal died while going door-to-door, trying to warn others to leave.
"I don't know how to start over. Police say they're still searching for the bodies, but I'm not sure they'll ever be found," Lawat says. But legally, their fate is far more complicated.
In Nepal, a missing person is only presumed dead after 12 years. Section 40 of Nepal's Civil Code does allow for some exceptions, but it does not have a provision for disasters like the flood witnessed last month. Families like Lawat's have told the BBC they are struggling to obtain death certificates, affecting everything from accessing flood compensation to the transfer of properties and even inheritance.
Relatives can receive up to 25,000 rupees (£122; $162) for funeral costs, in addition to about 200,000 rupees (£981; $1,302) in bereavement compensation for the first relative who died, and 100,000 rupees (£491; $651) for each additional death. But this is only possible once they submit a death certificate. So as families try to rebuild their lives, many are now caught in an administrative nightmare.
"In view of the current disaster, the law is outdated," says constitutional law expert, Bipin Adhikari. He explains the law was meant to account for people who travelled abroad and weren't heard from for years. "But technology has advanced now, it isn't as difficult to send or receive information," he argues.
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