This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: Analysis of a "rusty treasure" excavated during industrial gravel extraction at Deinham, Austria, reveals it is the largest mass find of prehistoric iron bars in Europe, pointing to iron production and trade during the Iron Age on an unprecedented scale. During the Late Iron Age La Tène period (mid-fifth to first centuries B.C.), Europe saw a vast increase in iron production, with huge quantities and varieties of iron objects becoming common across the continent.
Despite knowing iron was produced at dedicated iron-production centers, the exact scale of the trade is poorly understood because iron semi-products often escape the attention of finders and are difficult to date precisely. Therefore, the discovery of numerous double-pointed iron objects during gravel extraction along the Danube River provided a unique opportunity to investigate large-scale prehistoric iron production and trade. "It is nothing short of a minor miracle that the largest mass find of prehistoric iron bars in Europe did not end up at scrap dealers, but was reported to the Austrian monument authority," says lead author Peter Trebsche, a professor at the University of Innsbruck.
"I am sincerely grateful to the finders for deciding to donate this extraordinary trove to a state museum collection." Trebsche and Dr. Marion Berranger from the Université de Technologie de Belfort Montbéliard analyzed and radiocarbon dated the find, concluding that it is a large assemblage of iron bars dating to the La Tène period. Their results are published in the journal Antiquity.
Comprising at least 500 iron semi-products weighing more than 1 metric ton, the Deinham mass find is the most abundant assemblage of Iron Age bars currently known in Europe. Likely lost in a shipwreck, the iron was probably being transported down the Danube River for trade, highlighting the large-scale, well-organized inland shipping capabilities of later prehistoric Central European societies. The primary destination of the iron bars remains unknown, but they were likely forged in Bavaria, where several iron-production sites have been found near "oppida," Iron Age Europe's iconic large-scale fortified towns.
"The iron semi-products found at Deinham weigh about 1 metric ton of iron, which is enough to forge approximately 500 swords with an average weight of 1.5–2 kg (3.3–4.4 pounds)," Trebsche explains. "Even if we take material losses during manufacture into account, the iron from Deinham would have been sufficient to equip a large group of warriors with weapons." The cargo's value therefore must have been immense. The La Tène period is known for its large hoards of gold coins, such as the 443 coins totaling 3.7 kg (8.2 pounds) of gold found at the major oppidum of Manching in Bavaria.
Manching is located near a large iron mining area, from which the iron for the bars could have been sourced. These coins could plausibly have been equivalent in value to a metric ton of iron, so it is possible that transactions of this scale were facilitated by increasing monetization during the La Tène period. "It is incredible that such a large quantity of iron was transported at once and was available in a single exchange transaction in the Late Iron Age," Trebsche concludes.
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